Upcoming Events

You've seen his explosive, dynamic electric band 'The Blues Imperials' light up the night like fireworks on the fourth... ---now see and hear Lil Ed Williams with a group of hand-picked all-star blues musicians, exclusively seen together live of Rosa's Lounge. More about Lil' Ed

”Electrifying, raucous, pure Chicago blues….Lil’ Ed is a guitarist extraordinaire….slashing slide and flamboyant stage persona." –Chicago Tribune
"Rough and ready blues played with unmitigated intensity…Swirling, snarling, riveting slide….The Blues Imperials pound out riffs and rhythms like they’re overdosing on boogie juice. Scorching and soulful, joyous and stomping." –Living Blues

Experience the electrifying energy of Lil' Ed Williams, known for lighting up the stage with his band 'The Blues Imperials,' in a rare live performance with an all-star ensemble of hand-picked musicians typically featuring:

Thaddeus Krolicki - guitar

Sumito Ariyoshi - piano

Tony Mangiullo - drums

Harlan Terson - bass,

exclusively seen together live at Rosa's Lounge. Described as "electrifying, raucous, pure Chicago blues," Lil' Ed is celebrated for his exceptional guitar skills, captivating slide technique, and charismatic stage presence. Critics hail him for his intense and soulful blues performances, characterized by scorching slide guitar and infectious rhythms that exude joy and passion.

Experience the electrifying energy of Lil' Ed Williams, known for lighting up the stage with his band 'The Blues Imperials,' in a rare live performance with an all-star ensemble of hand-picked musicians typically featuring:

Thaddeus Krolicki - guitar

Sumito Ariyoshi - piano

Tony Mangiullo - drums

Harlan Terson - bass,

exclusively seen together live at Rosa's Lounge. Described as "electrifying, raucous, pure Chicago blues," Lil' Ed is celebrated for his exceptional guitar skills, captivating slide technique, and charismatic stage presence. Critics hail him for his intense and soulful blues performances, characterized by scorching slide guitar and infectious rhythms that exude joy and passion.

Meet the sensational talent of Stephen Hull Experience, a young force breathing new life into the blues scene. Born in 1999 in Racine, Wisconsin, Stephen Hull discovered his love for blues at 14, drawing inspiration from legends like Albert King and B.B. King. His guitar mastery, soulful vocals, and infectious personality define his musical journey. A rising star in Chicago's blues clubs and southeastern Wisconsin venues, Stephen has garnered attention in publications like Living Blues and Blues & Rhythm: The Gospel Truth. From the Chicago Blues Fest to the Mississippi Valley Blues Fest, Stephen Hull is making waves.

Did you know the world was created in just 5 nights? Yes! Specifically Tue-Sat. And on the 6th and 7th, even the creators took a break! That's right, just like the universe's founding mothers, we'll be taking a well-deserved rest on Sundays and Mondays. But don't worry, If you have an idea for a special event during our off days or any other day, please feel free to contact us. We're always looking for new ways to keep the fun going. Thanks for your understanding, and we'll see you soon!

Raised in a small beach town outside of Tampa, Florida, Dave Herrero was introduced to the local and national music scene though a family friend, sneaking out of military school at age 15 to regularly to see bands like the Arc Angels and Johnny Winter, and to go to a local blues jam at the Green Iguana on Monday nights, where local heroes like James and Lucky Peterson would frequently pop in.

Herrero got his start as a professional touring musician in 1996 in Jacksonville Beach, Florida, then moved to Austin, TX and joined Archie Bell and the Drells (of "Tighten Up" fame). In Austin, he quickly immersed himself into the Austin music community, playing with the likes of Gary Clark Jr, Charlie Sexton, Lazy Lester, Matt Powell, Seth Walker all the while starting the Blues Society of Austin with friends, Mark "Kaz" Kazanoff, Nancy Coplin and Nicole Shiro. It was in Austin that Dave honed in on his guitar playing, singing and songwriting skills, that he then took with him to Chicago. More about Dave Herrero

Giulio Brouzet is a jazz chromatic harmonica player living in Chicago. His music blends Chicago blues with influences from New Orleans, Cajun, Americana, folk, and early jazz. Using chromatic, diatonic, bass, and custom-tuned harmonicas—plus guitar, kazoo, nose flute, and foot percussion—he reinterprets songs by Jimmy Reed, Sonny Boy Williamson, Walter Horton, Louis Armstrong, Hank Williams, and Gershwin.

Originally from Italy, Giulio grew up surrounded by his parents’ record collection and chose the harmonica as his lifelong companion. For over three decades, he has performed across Europe and the U.S. in clubs, theaters, churches, and festivals, with jazz orchestras, blues bands, and solo. His work spans performance, improvisation, ethnomusicology, and music therapy.

He holds degrees in Jazz and Music Therapy and has taught harmonica for over 12 years, including classes at Milan’s G. Verdi Conservatory and in Milan’s main jail. A skilled reader and studio musician, Giulio has recorded for numerous artists and released four solo albums. He now performs around Chicago both as a sideman and as a one-man band.

Originally from Koblenz, Germany Stefan Hillesheim moved to the US in 2014. Stefan played in several gospel, funk, rock, and R&B groups in southern California before he relocated to Chicago, IL in pursuit of a full-time career as a blues musician. The blues has always been at the heart of Stefan’s passion for music - Chicago provided the ideal scene for him to grow as a blues artist and learn from the best and most authentic sources. Stefan is best known for his slide guitar playing, soulful vocals, and dynamic live performances. Being considered an "old soul", Stefan's main inspirations are Elmore James, Howlin' Wolf, and Albert King.

John Primer: A Chicago Blues Living Legend

John Primer has undisputedly helped shape the sound and style of Chicago blues. The echoes of tradition from the birthplaces he played, such as Maxwell Street, Theresa's, Checkerboard, and Rosa's Lounge, can be heard in every chord he plays. John Primer is a true Chicago Blues Living Legend.

Born in 1945 on a Mississippi sharecropper's land, Primer was inspired by his family's hard work, field songs, and the blues. His dream was to one day play with the legendary Muddy Waters.

In 1963, Primer moved to Chicago and began his journey to becoming a great bluesman. He started with a steady gig at the legendary Maxwell Street and then played seven nights a week for seven years at the famous Theresa's Lounge, where he was taught by the founding fathers of the blues.

Primer's talent caught the attention of Willie Dixon, who took him on tour with his Chicago Blues All-Stars Band. In 1981, Primer's dream came true when he got to play with Muddy Waters, who called him to lead his band, a life-changing experience.

After Muddy's passing, Primer joined Magic Slim & The Teardrops for 14 years, traveling the world. In 1995, he began leading his own band, The Real Deal Blues Band. Primer has been recorded on more than 87 albums, with 17 under his own name, and has written and produced over 55 songs.

Primer's contributions to the blues have been widely recognized. He has received two Grammy Award nominations, two Lifetime Achievement Awards, been inducted into the Chicago Blues Hall of Fame, awarded the "Muddy Award," and won numerous Blues Music Awards and Blues Blast Awards. John Primer is a true Chicago Blues Icon, whose music continues to inspire and captivate audiences worldwide.

The Dan Souvigny Organ Trio is making waves in the 2025 blues and jazz scene with its groove-driven blend of Chicago blues grit and modern jazz sophistication. Led by award-winning pianist and organist Dan Souvigny—also the keyboardist for blues legend Buddy Guy—the trio delivers high-energy performances built around the rich tones of the Hammond B3 organ. A Hampshire, Illinois native and three-time World Championship Old Time Piano Playing Contest winner, Souvigny combines deep respect for tradition with a fresh, dynamic sound that’s captivating audiences at clubs, festivals, and stages across the Midwest and beyond.

Meaza Joy is a rising singer-songwriter, model, and actress whose soulful voice evokes legends like Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Koko Taylor, and Etta James. Mentored by Blues Music Award–winning artists and active with the Pinetop Perkins Foundation Youth, she’s been recording in Nashville since age nine and now performs nationwide, from Beale Street and the International Blues Challenge in Memphis to the National Blues Museum in St. Louis. A dynamic live performer in duo, trio, travel band, or full 12-piece configurations, she has opened for the Amanda Fish Band on an extended Southwest tour and frequently joins touring acts on stage. Her latest single “All At Once,” featuring John Stamos on drums and produced by Michael Gigante, is out now, with her debut album Free To Be Me—produced by Annika Chambers and Paul Deslauriers and recorded at renowned blues studios in St. Louis and Houston—set for release in spring 2026.

Knott Us Band is a dynamic performance band founded through the Knotty Luxe Arts Foundation, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization dedicated to providing free performing arts education and training to youth ages 12–18. This talented ensemble is composed of multicultural pre-teens and teens who have captivated audiences across Illinois with their energetic and soulful performances.

The band’s repertoire features timeless classics originally performed by legendary artists such as Aretha Franklin, Santana, Chuck Berry, B.B. King, Queen, and Al Green, among others. Renowned for their engaging stage presence and musical versatility, Knott Us delivers toe-tapping, finger-snapping, sing-along experiences that transport listeners on a nostalgic journey through music history.

Celebrated as “The Young Band with An Old Soul,” Knott Us continues to inspire and entertain, embodying the spirit of musical excellence and community engagement fostered by the Knotty Luxe Arts Foundation.

Joey J. Saye: A Rising Star in Chicago's Blues Legacy

Joey J. Saye, a gifted guitarist, singer, and songwriter, has been a shining presence in Chicago's vibrant music scene since the age of 15. Embarking on his musical journey at such a young age, he quickly captivated audiences with his innate talent and undeniable passion. Over the years, Joey J. has meticulously nurtured his craft, finding his voice amidst the rich tapestry of the city's blues heritage.

At the heart of Joey J.'s journey is his immersion in the Chicago blues scene, a realm where the legends have left their indelible mark. Influenced by luminaries like Robert Lockwood Jr., Jimmy Rogers, Otis Rush, Pat Hare, and Magic Sam, Joey J. has deftly blended these iconic styles into his own musical identity. His performances are an homage to the masters while retaining a contemporary edge that showcases his distinct personality.

Sharing the stage with acclaimed artists is a testament to Joey J.'s undeniable talent. Collaborations with the likes of John Primer, Jimmy Burns, Willie Buck, Mary Lane, Dave Herrero, Felix Reyes, Mondo Cortez and Tom Holland have allowed him to not only learn from his peers but also to contribute his unique sound to Chicago's musical legacy.

“Nick Moss is at the forefront of contemporary Chicago blues. His muscular, electric energy combines jaw-dropping guitar, gruff, soulful vocals and impassioned songwriting.” — Living Blues

Sheryl Youngblood, a Chicago Blues Hall of Fame inductee, envelops audiences with the rich tapestry of Gospel, R&B, and Blues in her ballads. Her soul-stirring performances transcend genres, captivating listeners with a blend of heartfelt melodies and high-energy rock. From her roots in a musically talented family to sharing the stage with icons like Jennifer Hudson and Buddy Guy, Sheryl's musical odyssey is a testament to her exceptional talent and unwavering commitment to music. As a versatile artist - vocalist, drummer, songwriter, and bandleader - she continues to enthrall global audiences with her soulful renditions and passionate dedication to her craft.

Rosa's Lounge is excited to announce the long-awaited return of its legendary Blues-Jam, now scheduled to take place on the third Wednesday of each month. Since its establishment in 1984, Rosa's Blues-Jam has been a stage for iconic blues personalities such as Chico Chism, Buddy Scott, Valerie Wellington, James Wheeler, Melvin Taylor, Sugar Blue, Lil Ed, Willie Buck, Mary Lane, and many others. The Blues-Jam has always attracted seasoned, world-known recording artists as well as novices with a strong will to learn and network with other musicians. Our focus is on creating the best possible music. What sets Rosa's Blues-Jam apart is its commitment to providing direction and suggestions based on classic Blues songs, paying respect to the original black creators of the Blues. Musicians are welcomed to bring their instruments and immerse themselves in the blues, getting acquainted with the environment and with the intention of creating an unforgettable musical experience.

With a legacy spanning over a remarkable 25 years, Tom Holland (of the Shuffle Kings) have left an indelible mark on the global blues stage. Their musical journey has taken them to renowned clubs and prestigious festivals across the world, enchanting audiences with their soul-stirring performances.

At the heart of this musical force is Tom Holland, a blues virtuoso whose dedication to his craft has propelled him to remarkable heights. Tom's musical journey reads like a who's who of blues legends – from sharing the stage with the iconic John Primer to harmonizing with the legendary Eddy Clearwater. Most recently, Tom had the distinct privilege of collaborating with the late James Cotton, a true luminary of the blues genre. These experiences haven't just shaped his artistry; they've solidified his reputation as one of the most sought-after blues musicians in the contemporary scene.

Shawn “Lil’ Slim” Holt is a Nebraska-based blues guitarist, singer, and bandleader carrying forward the powerful legacy of his father, the late Chicago blues great Morris “Magic Slim” Holt. Teaching himself guitar as a teenager by playing along with his father’s records, he developed a raw, traditional electric blues style rooted in feel rather than formal training. After Magic Slim’s passing in 2013, Shawn stepped up from rhythm guitar to front man, taking over The Teardrops at Johnny Winter’s encouragement and quickly earning standing ovations and critical praise. His debut album with Shawn Holt and The Teardrops, “Daddy Told Me” on Blind Pig Records, won Best New Artist Debut honors from both Blues Blast Magazine and the Blues Foundation, confirming him as one of the fastest-rising modern torchbearers of straight-ahead, hard-driving blues.

Ivan Singh, a 29-year-old guitarist from Córdoba, Argentina, has carved out a distinct style that revolves around his unique "Lata de Batata" can-box-guitar and his exceptional approach to playing it. Born and raised in Argentina, Singh has brought his unique blend of traditional Argentine and classic Chicago blues to the heart of the Windy City's music scene.

Fusing the soulful rhythms and emotive scales of the Argentine music with the raw energy of Chicago's iconic blues bars, Singh has created a sound that is both fresh and deeply rooted in history. Through tireless performances and community collaborations, he is carving out a distinctive space for himself in the competitive Chicago blues arena.

Singh's live performances have seen him sharing the stage with esteemed artists such as Chris Cain, John Primer, Super Chican, Slam Allen, Lurrie Bell, Lil Ed, Cedric Burnside, Mike Wheeler, and Jimmy Burns, among others. His innovative approach has not only introduced a new perspective to the blues but has also inspired others to explore the cross-pollination of musical traditions.

As he continues to captivate audiences with his soulful and boundary-breaking artistry, Ivan Singh is cementing his legacy as a true ambassador of the blues, connecting the sounds of Argentina and Chicago in a way that transcends geographical and cultural barriers. He is a living testament to the genre's universal language and its power to bridge diverse cultures.

Join us to experience students working out the blues with their own bands from the Old Town School of Folk Music. Witness the transformation that seven weeks of practice can bring to their sound! These performances will feature multiple groups playing non-stop music from 4:30 PM to 8:00 PM.

Admission is free for these performances.

Sheryl Youngblood, a Chicago Blues Hall of Fame inductee, envelops audiences with the rich tapestry of Gospel, R&B, and Blues in her ballads. Her soul-stirring performances transcend genres, captivating listeners with a blend of heartfelt melodies and high-energy rock. From her roots in a musically talented family to sharing the stage with icons like Jennifer Hudson and Buddy Guy, Sheryl's musical odyssey is a testament to her exceptional talent and unwavering commitment to music. As a versatile artist - vocalist, drummer, songwriter, and bandleader - she continues to enthrall global audiences with her soulful renditions and passionate dedication to her craft.

Joanna Connor is a blues guitarist and singer who discovered her passion for music at a young age. Born in Brooklyn and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts, she was influenced by diverse musical styles, including blues legends like Buddy Guy and Taj Mahal.

Connor moved to Chicago in 1984 to immerse herself in the blues scene. She quickly became part of the city's vibrant music community, performing with renowned artists such as Junior Wells, Otis Rush, and Koko Taylor. In 1988, she formed her own band and released her debut album "Believe It" in 1990. Throughout her career, Connor has toured internationally, released numerous albums, and shared stages with blues, rock, and jazz greats.

In recent years, viral videos of her slide guitar solos reignited interest in her music. This led to a collaboration with Joe Bonamassa, who produced her 2021 album "4801 South Indiana," which reached number one on the Billboard Blues chart. Connor continues to perform and record with her band, The Wrecking Crew 23', showcasing her powerful guitar skills and soulful vocals. Joanna Connor and The Wrecking Crew '23 released their new album, "Best Of Me,"

Rick King, a native of Chicago's South Side, has established himself as a versatile and accomplished musician in the world of funk and soul. With a career spanning over two decades, King has made a name for himself as both a skilled drummer and a charismatic frontman.

King's musical journey began behind the drums, where he honed his craft playing for legendary artists such as KoKo Taylor, Buddy Guy, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, and B.B. King. His talents took him on global tours, allowing him to share stages with some of the most influential figures in blues and rock 'n' roll.

As a founding member of the funk-soul-jam band Lubriphonic, King further showcased his musical prowess. During his time with the band, he not only played drums but also took on the role of producer, contributing to five of their records.

In recent years, King has embarked on a new chapter in his musical career, stepping out from behind the drums to front his own band, Rick King's Royal Hustle. As the lead vocalist and percussionist, he leads a seven-piece ensemble complete with a horn section. The band's sound is a vibrant fusion of genres, blending elements of Chicago Blues, Memphis Soul, New Orleans Funk, and Kingston Reggae.

Drawing inspiration from his experiences with music legends and his own creative vision, Rick King's Royal Hustle delivers a high-energy, feel-good soul music experience that continues to captivate audiences and cement King's status as a notable figure in the Chicago music scene.

Experience the electrifying energy of Lil' Ed Williams, known for lighting up the stage with his band 'The Blues Imperials,' in a rare live performance with an all-star ensemble of hand-picked musicians typically featuring:

Thaddeus Krolicki - guitar

Sumito Ariyoshi - piano

Tony Mangiullo - drums

Harlan Terson - bass,

exclusively seen together live at Rosa's Lounge. Described as "electrifying, raucous, pure Chicago blues," Lil' Ed is celebrated for his exceptional guitar skills, captivating slide technique, and charismatic stage presence. Critics hail him for his intense and soulful blues performances, characterized by scorching slide guitar and infectious rhythms that exude joy and passion.

Lil' Ed & The Blues Imperials: Chicago Blues Royalty

"Electrifying, raucous, pure Chicago blues...Lil' Ed is a guitarist extraordinaire...slashing slide and flamboyant stage persona." –Chicago Tribune

"Rough and ready blues played with unmitigated intensity...Swirling, snarling, riveting slide...The Blues Imperials pound out riffs and rhythms like they're overdosing on boogie juice. Scorching and soulful, joyous and stomping." –Living Blues

In a city overflowing with unrivaled blues talent, Lil' Ed & The Blues Imperials have been standing tall for over 30 years as the undisputed royalty of Chicago blues. Fueled by Lil' Ed's gloriously rollicking slide work, deep blues string bending, and rough-edged, soulful vocals, the band's big sound is as real and hard-hitting as Chicago blues gets.

As the Chicago Sun-Times aptly describes, "Lil' Ed & The Blues Imperials are the hottest purveyors of bottleneck boogie to come out of Chicago since Hound Dog Taylor." Their electrifying live performances, marked by Lil' Ed's flamboyant stage presence and the band's relentless energy, have earned them a devoted following both in their hometown and around the world.

Through their uncompromising commitment to the blues tradition and their ability to infuse it with a fresh, modern edge, Lil' Ed & The Blues Imperials have cemented their status as one of the most respected and influential blues acts to emerge from the Windy City. As they continue to captivate audiences with their raw, soulful sound, this legendary band remains a shining beacon of Chicago's enduring blues legacy.

Sean McKee, a Chicago-based blues-rock artist, delivers an electrifying live experience shaped by influences ranging from Robert Johnson and B.B. King to Led Zeppelin and the Tedeschi Trucks Band. Striving to be the ultimate melting pot of the sounds that inspire him, Sean performs primarily original music, choosing only covers that hold personal meaning and authenticity. Performing since the age of 14 in 2010, he’s built a reputation as a dynamic performer you don’t want to miss.

Theo Huff is a Chicago-born soul and blues singer, songwriter, and actor whose high-energy “Mr. Excitement” stage persona blends traditional and contemporary blues, Southern soul, and R&B. Mentored as a teen by drummer Jimmy Tillman, he rose from church and school talent shows to international stages including the Chicago Blues Festival and Italy’s Porretta Soul Festival, earning awards such as Best New Artist and a reputation as one of Chicago’s leading modern soul-blues voices

Matthew Skoller is one of Chicago’s most respected harp blowers and blues bandleaders. Since 1987 he has played all of Chicago’s heaviest showcase venues and toured much of the world with his super tight ensembles. Deeply rooted in the tradition of the Chicago blues elders with whom he worked and studied, Skoller has developed a unique style that conjures the past while being firmly planted in the present. His blues wardrobe clothes a range of original songs whose subject matter comments on many of the issues and realities of life during this age of technology, information and upheaval. Skoller, known for his fiery and engaging performances, combines passionate harp playing and singing with original song writing and prodigious production skills. He has self produced 4 of his own critically acclaimed cds. More...

Derek Caruso & The Blues Fuse embodies the raw, unbridled essence of the blues, delivering a sound that is both deeply personal and universally relatable. With a sonic palette characterized by smoky riffs, gritty vocals, and thunderous grooves, “the band doesn't merely perform the blues—they ignite it.” From whiskey-soaked ballads to electrifying, foot-stomping juke joint rockers, Derek Caruso channels the pain, power, and passion at the genre's core, resonating deeply with listeners. Derek Caruso & The Blues Fuse offers a blues experience with a rebellious edge—a soundtrack for those who crave authenticity and intensity, whether in the late-night hours or amidst tales of lost love. Prepare to experience the unbridled energy of The Blues Fuse.

"One of the most exhilarating blues guitarists to emerge in the past decade is more a blues innovator than a purist, mixing jazz chords and rock influences into his tapestry of electric blues." -Rolling Stone Magazine

"A volcanic guitarist the sort of virtuosity that drags an audience into a world of risks and chances and excitement." -The New York Times

"Melvin Taylor isn't just a some unbelievable long-esteemed player of truly formidable skill but rather a treasury that proves beyond doubt that Melvin Taylor needs to be placed within the museum of the guitar greats: Wes Montgomery, George Benson, Chet Atkins, Frank Zappa, Earl Klugh, Jim Hall, Leo Kottke, Robert Fripp, Grant Green, Pat Metheny, all of 'em, regardless of style and genre." -Folk & Acoustic Music Exchange about "Beyond the Burning Guitar"

19-year-old Harrell "Young Rell" Davenport is a dexterous and inventive guitarist and a fat-toned harmonica phenom, Young Rell is already a commanding vocalist and a poetic and poignant songwriter. Whether he is accompanying himself on guitar while playing harmonica on a rack and singing, or alternating between guitar and harmonica with an ensemble, Young Rell sings his songs with sincerity and without a hint of affectation, working the stage with the poise and charisma of a veteran performer.

A prolific and engaging presence on social media, Young Rell has created a global community of fans and followers who have not only praised his talent but engaged enthusiastically with him on the subject of musicianship, musical instruments and past generations of famous and obscure blues inspirations.

As a child, Rell navigated personal struggles and trauma by immersing himself in music that was born in response to oppression and hardship. He found solace studying and expressing himself in the blues.

His community building and graceful social interaction have landed him relationships and experiences with the greatest blues artists alive today. He has been championed by Billy Branch, Kingfish Ingram, Bob Margolin, Bernard Allison and many others. He has already performed at the King Biscuit Blues Festival, both of Morgan Freeman’s Ground Zero Blues Clubs in Mississippi, Red’s Juke Joint in Clarksdale, and many more.

Sheryl Youngblood, a Chicago Blues Hall of Fame inductee, envelops audiences with the rich tapestry of Gospel, R&B, and Blues in her ballads. Her soul-stirring performances transcend genres, captivating listeners with a blend of heartfelt melodies and high-energy rock. From her roots in a musically talented family to sharing the stage with icons like Jennifer Hudson and Buddy Guy, Sheryl's musical odyssey is a testament to her exceptional talent and unwavering commitment to music. As a versatile artist - vocalist, drummer, songwriter, and bandleader - she continues to enthrall global audiences with her soulful renditions and passionate dedication to her craft.

Luke Pytel is a dynamic blues guitarist and vocalist known for his high-energy performances and fiery guitar playing. Over the past two decades, he has backed up numerous artists and shared the stage with blues legends such as Jimmy Johnson and Big James Montgomery. Leading his own band for the last 13 years, Luke's diverse repertoire spans old-school blues, contemporary blues, and hits by artists like Jimi Hendrix and Stevie Ray Vaughan. He has also performed internationally in countries including Belgium, France, England, and Latvia.